The 8 Deities of the Hopewell Dakota Sioux Indians 

Wi -  The most powerful Sun god

Shkan - The sky god

Maka - The Earth Mother

Inyan - Rock and immovable things

Hanwi - Goddess of the Moon - wife of Wi

Tate -  god of the winds

Wohpe - The falling star or meteor

Wakinyan - Thunderbird

 Giant Osage  Hopewell Skeletons Unearthed in Illinois Burial Mounds 

Osage ancestry built many of the burial mounds throughout Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.  All of their legends claim that they once lived in the Ohio Valley.  Because university archaeologist refuses to recognize the Osage as the builders of the mounds, the Native American Graves Protection Act is not invoked, that only applies to "known" tribes.  Until then university archaeologist continues to desecrate Osage burials.
     
The following articles describing large skeletons is consistent with the Osage, who were known for their great height.

History of Daviess County, Illinois 1879
     The mounds on the bluff have nearly all been opened within the last two or three years by Louis A. Rowly, Esq., Mr. W. M. Snyder and Mr. John Dowling, assisted by Sidney Hunkins and Dr. W. S. Crawford. These gentlemen have taken much interest in these prehistoric structures, and have very carefully investigated them. In all that have been opened the excavators have found in the centre a pit that was evidently dug about two and a half feet below the original surface of the ground, about six feet long and four feet wide, in the form of a parallelogram. The bottom and sides of this pit are of hard clay. The bones in this pit indicate a race of gigantic stature, buried in a sitting posture around the sides of the pit, with legs extending towards the centre.

History of Mifflin County, Ohio, 1880
      South of this, on the banks of Peoria Lake, near the city of Peoria, Illinois, there were excavated a few years ago by the Scientific Association of Peoria the contents of a very large, oval mound, and in it were found three human skeletons, a man, a woman and a boy, all lying straight beside each other, the boy asleep on the woman’s arm. The skeleton of the boy was about three feet long, but the man and the woman had a stature of seven feet. The bones were decomposed rapidly on being exposed to the air, except the skulls, which being of a harder texture had better withstood the tooth of time.  Though these figures were of immense stature, their immense skulls were fully in proportion to their frames, and possessed of a frontal development of reasoning powers of immense size.

History of Logan County, Illinois, 1886
      It is sometimes difficult to distinguish the place of sepulcher raised by the Mound Builders from the modern graves of the Indians.  The tombs of the former were in general larger than those of the latter, and were used as receptacles for a great number of bodies, and contained relics of art, evincing a higher decree of civilization than that attained by the Indians.
The ancient earthworks of the Mound Builders have occasionally been appropriated as burial places by the Indians, but the skeletons of the latter may be distinguished from the osteological remains of the former by their greater stature.

Hopewell Mound Builders Giant Skeletal Remains Discovered in the Aleutians Islands

Hopewell Mound Builders Discovered in the Aleutians Islands

The builders in the Ohio Valley had their origins with the Maritime Archaic.Thisis type of spoke burial that contained large skeletons is most prevalent in New York and the Ohio Valley. Evidence that the mound builders in the Ohio Valley had their origins with the Maritime Archaic.

Washington Post, Sept. 16, 1944

Major Finds Grave of Giant Aleutian

An advanced Aleutian Base (U.P.) Site of a strange burial of a prehistoric giant was discovered on an Aleutian Island recently by Major. E. E. Chittenden, Kearney Neb. The ancient Aleut, who had been at least 7 feet tall, has been buried on a low ridge overlooking the ocean, and in the same shallow grave with him were the skeletons of five women, placed to form a geometrical pattern.

Major Chittenden found the burial site while excavations for a military installation were being made, and he states the six skeletons had been placed with their heads together, so that trunk and leg bones extended outward like the spokes of a wheel. In the unusual grave were carved ivory ornaments and weapons made of polished slate.

This type of spoke burial that contained large skeletons is most prevalent in New York and the Ohio Valley. Evidence that the mound builders in the Ohio Valley had their origins with the Maritime Archaic.

Plummets from New York are associated with the Maritime Archaic  7000 B.C - 2000 B.C. Identical plummets can be found on the west coasts and within burial mounds in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia and Kentucky.

Polished slate implements discovered with these large skeletons in the Aleutians are indicative of the Maritime Archaic that spread across North America from both Europe and Asia as early as 7000 B.C. Identical material culture can be found from Europe, across Asia to both shores of North America.  Maritime Archaic plummets were found within the burial mounds in the Ohio Valley.  The spoke type burials, containing large skeletons are found in the greatest numbers within burials mounds in the state of New York and the Ohio Valley.
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Ancient Burial Mounds of the Iroquois Indians of New York

Ancient Burial Mounds of the Iroquois Indians of New York

The Proto-Iroquois Indians were the northern contingent of the Adena Hopewell empire that stretched from New York to Florida. The "Hopewell" were a confederation of Iroquois in the Great Lakes, Sioux in the Ohio Valley and Cherokee in the Southeast. Burials in a sitting position are found most commonly in the Great Lakes region. 


     According to Mr. Lewis H. Morgan, different customs have prevailed among the Iroquois in relation to the mode of burial. At one period they buried the dead in a sitting posture, with the face to the east. Skeletons are still found in this position, in various parts of the State of New York, with a gun-barrel resting against the shoulder, thus fixing the period of their sepulture subsequently to the first intercourse of this people with the whites. Another and more extraordinary mode of burial prevailed among them. The body of the deceased was exposed upon a bark scaffolding, erected upon poles or secured upon the limbs of trees, where it was left 'to waste to a skeleton. After this had been affected by the process of decomposition in the open air, the bones were removed either to the former home of the deceased or to a small bark house by its side prepared for their reception. In this manner, the skeletons of the whole family were preserved from generation to generation by the affection of the living. After the lapse of a number of years, or in a season of ' public insecurity, or on the eve of abandoning a settlement, it was customary to collect these skeletons from the whole community around, and to consign them to a common resting-place. To this custom, which was not confined to the Iroquois, are, doubtless, to be ascribed the barrows and bone mounds which have been found in such numbers in various parts of the country. On opening these mounds the skeletons are usually found arranged in horizontal layers constituting a conical pyramid, those in each layer radiating from a common center. 

This type of "Spoked Burial" is most predominant in the Great Lakes region, but is also found in southern Ohio, associated with the Adena Hopewell.  

     In other cases, they are found placed promiscuously. There were Senecas residing at Tonawanda and Cattaraugus, in 1851, who remember having seen, about sixty years before, at the latter place, these bark scaffoldings on which bodies were exposed. The custom still prevails among the Sioux upon the Upper Mississippi, and among some of the tribes in the far west. The notions entertained by the Iroquois as to the state of the soul when disembodied were vague and diversified; but they all agree that, on the journey, it required the same things as were of use while it dwelt in the body. They, therefore, deposited beside the deceased his bow and arrows, tobacco and pipe, and necessary food for the journey. They also painted his face and dressed his body in its best apparel. A fire was built upon the grave at night to enable the spirit to prepare its food.’

Giant is Excavated from Henry County, Indiana Burial Mounds

Giant is  Excavated from Henry County, Indiana Burial Mounds

One of the largest Hopewell Sioux burial mounds near New Castle, Indiana was obliterated by Ball State University archaeologists. The cremated remains are within the dark soil that is being shoveled into wheelbarrows.
Large skeletons were reported in many of the burial mounds within the county.

Biographical Memoirs of Henry County Indiana, 1902 

     William H. Albright remained upon the home farm during his youth and attained a fair education in the common schools of his neighborhood. He has taken much interest in the investigation of the noted mounds, one which he opened containing the skeleton of a giant human being. The lower jaw was large enough to fit over ‘an ordinary man’s head, while the other bones were proportionate in size. The skull was a half inch in thickness and under it were found twelve flint arrowheads. Mare giants uncovered in Indiana are found here https://nephilimgiantsinnorthamerica.blogspot.com/2020/07/indianas-ancient-giant-race.html

Adena Hopewell Numerology at Piketon, Ohio and the New Castle, Indiana Henge Site

Adena Hopewell Numerology at Piketon, Ohio and the New Castle, Indiana Henge Site

The largest henge at the New Castle, Indiana site was also 215 feet in diameter.

Map showing that the distance between the wall was 215 feet in length.  More on numerology and Ohi earthworks can be found with the measure of the Piketon, Ohio earthworks  https://nephilimgiantsinnorthamerica.blogspot.com/2020/04/the-sacred-vias-nephilim-gematria.html

Ancient Sacred Well Described at Marietta, Ohio Ceremonial Enclosures

Ancient Sacred Well Described at Marietta, Ohio Ceremonial Enclosures

The supernatural qualities of sacred wells and springs were venerated as places of healing and divination. The proximity of the well to the sacred via and enclosures hints at its use as a ritual Druid site.

Prehistoric America, 1905
  Mr. Harris says there was at Marietta a well sixty feet deep and twenty feet in diameter, of the kind used in the early days, when water was brought up in pitchers by steps.  This well may have been for the convenience of the people at the enclosures. The proximity to the temple platforms and the conical mound and the graded way makes it significant.

Chicago's Winnebago Hopewell Serpent and Lizard Mounds

Chicago's Winnebago Hopewell Serpent and Lizard Mounds

The map shows the locations of both a Serpent Mound that was swallowing an egg and a Lizard Mound In Chicago, Illinois. The effigy at Oakdale and Sheffield was described as both a Serpent and a Lizard.  The effigy at Thatcher Woods should be still visible.

 A possible Hopewellian earthwork in what is now downtown Chicago, the serpent mound [called lizard mound by Albert F. Scharf], was formerly a prominent feature in the landscape, but is now covered by the Belmont elevated station near the intersection of Sheffield and Oakdale avenues; another possible work was the Chicago Pyramid Mound at Cheltenham

Ohio Hopewell Mound Builders Earthwork Found In South Carolina

Ohio Hopewell Mound Builders Earthwork Found In South Carolina  

Evidence Links the Cherokee with the Ohio Mound Builders

Henge complex at Camden South Carolina.   The position of this site offers more evidence that the Cherokee Indians were part of the Hopewell Mound Builders Confederacy.

American Antiquarian, 1891

     We are ready to acknowledge the resemblance between these circles in the Kanawha Valley and those on the Wateree River in South Carolina, and especially the similar significance of the circle with the mound in its center, which seems always to be a sign of sun-worship. Squire and Davis have called attention to the general similarity between the southern mounds and the Ohio mounds, especially to the fact that there were spiral paths around the outside of them. They speak of the council or oblong mound in the circle on the Wateree River, with a circumference of 550 feet at the base and 225 feet at the top, and 30 feet high. They say, however, that while this region was occupied by the Cherokee at one time and by the Ocmulgee at another, still the country was, many ages preceding the Cherokees, inhabited by one nation, who were ruled by the same system of laws, customs, and language, but so ancient that the Cherokees or the Creeks could give no account of them or the purposes for which they erected the monuments. High pyramidal mounds, with spacious avenues leading to artificial lakes, and cubical yards, with sunken area and rotundas, are the characteristic works of the south-works which the Cherokee adopted and used, but which, it is said, they did not build. The contrast between the two classes is marked, as the water cult is plain in one and the sun-worship in the other, and yet, the connecting link may be found in the circles we are describing.

Dakota Sioux Hopewell of the Ohio Valley

Dakota Sioux Hopewell of the Ohio Valley

American Antiquarian, 1891
THE DAKOTAS AND THEIR TRADITIONS.
      Editor American Antiquarian : In reference to the Dakotas and their migrations, I would say that I was informed by my father and the Messrs. Pond that their myths refer to their ancestral villages on the Upper Mississippi, Lake Isanti, and the west end of Lake Superior; to wanderings in regions north of the Great Lakes ; to residence on the Great Lake many times farther east than Lake Superior. Their descriptions of the ocean storms, sea beaches, etc., are so accurate that it seems impossible that these myths, gathered more than fifty years [ago, could possibly have originated otherwise than when they resided there. But they had no traditions as to residence south of Lake Superior. Father was informed by half breeds, who had resided among the Iowas, that the Iowas had traditions that they came from the Ohio Valley, but without the myths themselves to be analyzed little importance could be attached to such traditions. With the exception of the Crows, and perhaps the Osages and Winnebagos, the tribes allied to the Dakotas in language were, when first visited by the whites, chiefly dependent on agriculture for their support. It was my father's opinion that these tribes, the Iowas, Omahas, and Ponkas ; the Osages, Kansas, Kaws and Qunpas, the Mandans and Winnebagos, were the Ohio mound-builders, or at least one class of them. 

The Iowas and Ponka Sioux had a tradition of building large burial mounds like Seip in Ross County, Ohio

     According to Dakota traditions, the Iowas and Ponkas built much larger mounds than the Dakotas. I have myself heard several Dakotas say that the Iowas (" Syakhibee" in the Santee dialect) built the round mound thirty feet high, perhaps partly natural, on the brow of the bluff a mile east of my father's mission station, and quite an extensive earth-work, probably originally ten feet from the bottom of the ditch to the top of the wall between this mound and the mission station. This earth-work enclosed a spring well towards the top of the bluff, and overlooked a rich bottom, in which was a large space partly covered with large trees, that seemed to be covered with old corn-hills. The Indians stated this bottom was used as a corn-field by the Iowas and also another piece afterward planted by themselves. They represented that the Iowas left this region on account of a war between the Dakotas and Iowas, one Indian supposing this happened about ten generations ago, another estimating the time at only five generations. I noticed the remains of some circular houses banked up with earth within the enclosure, but these remains and a large share of the earth-work were many years ago destroyed by plowing. I never examined fully the large mound, and could not do so on account of intrusive burials of the Dakotas in the top. A small excavation in one side proved that it was to a considerable extent artificial, but seemed to indicate that it was partly natural. It commanded an extensive view. The Dakotas in winter sus pended their dead in trees or on scaffolds, and buried the bones only when the flesh had rotted off. In summer they usually buried at once, provided they could obtain a coffin of boards. The heathens always placed offerings with the body, whether on the scaffold, in the tree, or in the coffin; but I think never placed offerings with buried bones, as they supposed the dead by this time domiciled in the new world, and that the spirit, which long lingered about the body, took its final departure into some other human being or some animal when the decay of the flesh was complete. A. W. Williamson. Rock Island, I11., October 25, 1890.